Cerbero Suite 4.3 is out and it comes with Decryption of Microsoft Office Documents!
– added Microsoft Office document decryption
– improved CFBF support
– minor improvements
– fixed bugs
More is coming soon…
Happy hacking!
Author: Erik Pistelli
Malicious Windows Link with Embedded Microsoft Cabinet
You can find the original analysis for this malware at malwarebytes. As a bonus, in the video we show how to improve the static analysis of the final payload by resolving API calls.
This script converts the decrypted blob hashes into a call index → api name dictionary.
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])
from Pro.Core import *
from Pro.PE import *
from Pro.ccast import *
ror = lambda val, r_bits, max_bits: \
((val & (2**max_bits-1)) >> r_bits%max_bits) | \
(val << (max_bits-(r_bits%max_bits)) & (2**max_bits-1))
def getAPIs(dllpath):
apis = {}
c = createContainerFromFile(dllpath)
dll = PEObject()
if not dll.Load(c):
print("error: couldn't load dll")
return apis
ordbase = dll.ExportDirectory().Num("Base")
functions = dll.ExportDirectoryFunctions()
names = dll.ExportDirectoryNames()
nameords = dll.ExportDirectoryNameOrdinals()
n = functions.Count()
it = functions.iterator()
for x in range(n):
func = it.next()
ep = func.Num(0)
if ep == 0:
continue
apiord = str(ordbase + x)
n2 = nameords.Count()
it2 = nameords.iterator()
name_found = False
for y in range(n2):
no = it2.next()
if no.Num(0) == x:
name = names.At(y)
offs = dll.RvaToOffset(name.Num(0))
name, ret = dll.ReadUInt8String(offs, 500)
apiname = name.decode("ascii")
apis[apiname] = apiord
apis[apiord] = apiname
name_found = True
break
if not name_found:
apis[apiord] = apiord
return apis
def hash(name):
x = 0
for c in name:
x = ror(x, 0xD, 32)
x += ord(c)
x = ror(x, 0xD, 32)
return x
def hashAPIs(apis):
hapis = {}
for i, name in apis.items():
hapis[hash(name)] = name
return hapis
def walkBlob():
i = 0
idxs = {}
pos = 0
while i < len(blob):
e = blob.find(b"\x00", i)
if i == e:
break
s = blob[i:e].decode("ascii")
i = e + 1
if "." in s:
dllname = s
apis = getAPIs("C:\\Windows\\System32\\" + dllname)
apis = hashAPIs(apis)
else:
x = dword(int(s))
apiname = apis[x]
idxs[pos] = apiname
pos += 0x10
print(apiname)
return idxs
idxs = walkBlob()
print(idxs) This script uses the index dictionary from the previous script to comment register-based call instructions in the disassembly with the resolved API name.
idxs = {0: 'VirtualAlloc', 16: 'Sleep', 32: 'CreateThread', 48: 'CloseHandle', 64: 'ReadFile', 80: 'CreateFileA', 96: 'WriteFile', 112: 'GetFileSize', 128: 'lstrlenA', 144: 'lstrlenW', 160: 'lstrcpyA', 176: 'lstrcpyW', 192: 'lstrcatA', 208: 'lstrcatW', 224: 'lstrcmpA', 240: 'lstrcmpW', 256: 'VirtualFree', 272: 'WaitForSingleObject', 288: 'TerminateThread', 304: 'GetTickCount', 320: 'FormatMessageA', 336: 'GetLastError', 352: 'EnterCriticalSection', 368: 'LeaveCriticalSection', 384: 'InitializeCriticalSection', 400: 'DeleteCriticalSection', 416: 'LocalFree', 432: 'MultiByteToWideChar', 448: 'WideCharToMultiByte', 464: 'GetComputerNameW', 480: 'GetModuleFileNameW', 496: 'GetCurrentProcessId', 512: 'GetLocalTime', 528: 'QueryPerformanceFrequency', 544: 'QueryPerformanceCounter', 560: 'IsWow64Process', 576: 'GetCurrentProcess', 592: 'GetVersionExA', 608: 'GlobalFree', 624: 'VirtualFreeEx', 640: 'DuplicateHandle', 656: 'DebugBreak', 672: 'CreateEventW', 688: 'DeviceIoControl', 704: 'DeleteFileA', 720: 'GetTempPathA', 736: 'GetTempFileNameA', 752: 'SetErrorMode', 768: 'FreeLibrary', 784: 'RtlGetNtVersionNumbers', 800: 'RtlNtStatusToDosError', 816: 'RtlDecompressBuffer', 832: 'RtlCompressBuffer', 848: 'RtlGetCompressionWorkSpaceSize', 864: 'NtQuerySystemInformation', 880: 'NtQueryObject', 896: 'PeekMessageW', 912: 'GetMessageW', 928: 'PostThreadMessageW', 944: 'send', 960: 'recv', 976: 'closesocket', 992: 'WSAStartup', 1008: 'socket', 1024: 'bind', 1040: 'listen', 1056: 'accept', 1072: 'connect', 1088: 'WSACleanup', 1104: 'inet_addr', 1120: 'inet_ntoa', 1136: 'htons', 1152: 'getaddrinfo', 1168: 'freeaddrinfo', 1184: 'WSAAddressToStringA', 1200: 'setsockopt', 1216: 'getsockopt', 1232: 'recvfrom', 1248: 'sendto', 1264: 'shutdown', 1280: 'WSAGetLastError', 1296: 'select', 1312: 'getpeername', 1328: 'CryptAcquireContextW', 1344: 'CryptDestroyHash', 1360: 'CryptCreateHash', 1376: 'CryptHashData', 1392: 'CryptGetHashParam', 1408: 'CryptDeriveKey', 1424: 'CryptEncrypt', 1440: 'CryptDecrypt', 1456: 'GetUserNameW', 1472: 'UuidCreate', 1488: 'WinHttpGetIEProxyConfigForCurrentUser', 1504: 'WinHttpOpen', 1520: 'WinHttpGetProxyForUrl', 1536: 'WinHttpCloseHandle', 1552: 'WinHttpConnect', 1568: 'WinHttpOpenRequest', 1584: 'WinHttpAddRequestHeaders', 1600: 'WinHttpSendRequest', 1616: 'WinHttpWriteData', 1632: 'WinHttpQueryDataAvailable', 1648: 'WinHttpQueryOption', 1664: 'WinHttpReceiveResponse', 1680: 'WinHttpReadData', 1696: 'WinHttpSetOption', 1712: 'WinHttpSetCredentials', 1728: 'WinHttpQueryAuthSchemes', 1744: 'GetAdaptersInfo', 1760: 'CryptBinaryToStringA', 1776: 'CryptStringToBinaryA', 1792: 'StrStrIA', 1808: 'URLDownloadToFileA', 1824: 'memset', 1840: 'memmove', 1856: 'memcpy', 1872: 'memcmp', 1888: '_wcsicmp', 1904: 'time', 1920: 'strstr', 1936: 'atoi', 1952: '_itow', 1968: 'srand', 1984: 'rand', 2000: '_wcsnicmp', 2016: 'sprintf', 2032: 'printf'}
from Pro.UI import proContext
from Pro.Carbon import *
from Pro.capstone import *
import re
def commentAPIs():
md = Cs(CS_ARCH_X86, CS_MODE_64)
v = proContext().getCurrentView()
ca = v.getCarbon()
db = ca.getDB()
e = caASEntry()
e.end = 0
while db.getNextASEntry(e.end, e):
if e.type_id != CarbonType_I_x64:
continue
buf = ca.read(e.start, e.end - e.start)
insns = md.disasm(buf, 0)
i = next(insns, None)
if i.mnemonic != "call":
continue
print(i.mnemonic, i.op_str)
if i.op_str.find("rip") != -1:
continue
j = i.op_str.find("+ 0x")
if j == -1:
continue
idx = int(i.op_str[j+2:-1], 16)
if idx > 0x1000:
continue
apiname = idxs.get(idx, None)
if not apiname:
continue
c = caComment()
if db.getComment(e.start, c) and c.text:
continue
c.address = e.start
c.text = apiname
db.setComment(c)
print(" ", apiname)
# update the view
v.update()
commentAPIs()Cerbero Suite 4.2 is out!
The new version of Cerbero Suite is out with the following news:
– added CAB format support
– added convert/from_array and convert/to_array filters
– added detection of external resources in Office documents
+ improved renaming of variables in the decompiler
– improved dev/array filter
– included OpenSSL executable
– fixed bugs
We’ll be soon publishing videos detailing some of these additions!
Cerbero Suite 4.1 is out!
The new version of Cerbero Suite is out with the following news:
+ added Carbon option to import PDB types into the project header
+ improved x86/x64 decompiler
– fixed bugs
The option in Carbon to import types into the header of a project when loading a PDB comes handy when a crash dump is associated to a structure.
In this case the BugCheck information tells us that at a specific address there’s an EPROCESS structure. By importing the types along with the symbols of ntoskrnl.exe, we import the correct EPROCESS structure to map onto memory.
Of course, Cerbero Suite contains kernel symbols for all version of Windows x86/x64, but by relying on the structures in the PDB we don’t need to load the correct Windows header from the headers folder: just import the types and then open the header of the project!
Cerbero Suite 4.0 is out!
We’re proud to announce the release of Cerbero Suite 4.0!
There are many new features, especially in the advanced version. Support for ARM32/ARM64 in Carbon and the inspection of Windows crash dumps stand out as two major additions.
All of our customers can upgrade at a 50% discount their licenses for the next 3 months! We value our customers and everyone who has bought a license since June should have already received a free upgrade for Cerbero Suite 4! If you fall in that category and haven’t received a new license, please check your spam folder and in case contact us at sales@cerbero.io. Everyone who has acquired a license before June, but in the last 3 months, will get an additional discount.
Starting today we’ll be contacting all of our existing customers and provide them with a discount coupon. If you don’t get an email from us in the next two days, please contact us at sales@cerbero.io!
This is the full list of news:
+ added Carbon loader for Windows user address space
+ added Carbon loader for Windows DMP files
+ added Carbon support for ARM32 and ARM64
+ added Carbon support for PDB symbols
+ added support in Carbon to define data types
+ added memory analysis support for latest Windows 10 versions
– added Windows x64 setup
– added UI hook extensions
+ improved Windows memory analysis support
+ improved Windows DMP support
+ improved Carbon disassembly
+ improved Ghidra plugin and setup
+ improved decompiler output
– improved Hex Editor
– improved file stats view
– improved symbol demangling
– improved Python speed
– improved headers
– improved PE debug directory support
– improved PDB support
– improved dark mode support on macOS
– improved update check
– improved single view mode
– improved settings
– improved Python SDK
– updated SQLite to 3.32.0
– fixed bugs
Windows crash dumps
Inspecting Windows crash dumps is important for many software developers. Cerbero Suite lets you easily inspect both kernel and mini-dumps. You can view the code, load PDB symbols, inspect the call stack, threads, exception information, bug check information, memory and much more.
This feature does not rely on WinDBG and works on every supported platform!
Carbon support for ARM32 and ARM64
ARM32 and ARM64 are now supported in Carbon and naturally also in the Sleigh decompiler!
Carbon loader for Windows user address space
Every Windows address space can now be explored in Carbon, be it from a physical image or from a crash dump.
Carbon support for PDB symbols
PDB files can be automatically downloaded and imported into Carbon. This feature does not rely on Windows APIs and works on every supported platform.
Defining data types in Carbon
Data types can be defined in Carbon by pressing “D” or via the context menu.
The same data type can be reapplied by pressing “W”.
Memory analysis on the latest Windows 10 versions
We added the headers necessary to perform memory analysis on the latest Windows 10 versions.
Throughout the lifetime of the 4.x series, we’ll continue improving on the support for Windows 10!
Windows x64 edition
A Windows x64 edition has been long overdue, but we didn’t want to deprive our users from being able to run Cerbero Suite on older 32-bit versions of Windows, so we decided to keep both x86 and x64 editions!
UI hook extensions
A new type of extension has been introduced. The purpose of this extension type is to provide additional UI elements for specific parts of the UI. We currently use it to create Python plugins in our settings page.
Improved Carbon disassembly
We have improved Carbon all over the place: the analysis, UI, lists. The experience is now much more refined.
Improved Ghidra plugin and setup
We improved the native UI for Ghidra. By default now the assembly is shown in lower case, as we think it’s easier to read (this feature is configurable).
We also added one more toolbar button in Ghidra for the Cerbero Launcher, a way to launch Cerbero tools on the file currently open in Ghidra.
Setting up the native UI for Ghidra is now easier than ever: just go to the settings in Cerbero under ‘Ghidra’ and click on ‘Install Ghidra plugin’, select the root folder of Ghidra and that’s it! Cerbero will take care of the installation for you!
Improved decompiler output
We have improved the decompiler output by inferring the detection of deferred calls and literals from Carbon to it. A before/after screenshot comparison is worth more than a thousand words!
Hex Editor
Apart from fixing some bugs, we have improved the hex editor by providing a wait dialog with progress and abort to every major data operation.
File stats view
We tried to improve the file stats view by providing additional useful information for all the file formats which warranted it.
Improved symbol demangling
We have greatly improved symbols demangling both for Visual C++ and GCC. All type of mangled symbols are supported now!
Improved speed of Python
We now deploy the bytecode files for all our Python plugins in order to decrease their load time.
Improved updates
Cerbero Suite 4 makes the update process even easier than before. Hashes for updates have always been cryptographically verified, but now you can opt to download the update directly from the UI and that too is verified.
Improved PDB support
More PDB strucutres are now explorable from the UI.
Improved settings
Apart from the Ghidra plugin installer, there’s a new tab in the settings to create a portable distribution of Cerbero Suite 4.
Improved SDK
We have increased the amout of exposed SDK and added new APIs. Among the many things we have exposed is the Sleigh decompiler. Here’s a small code sample:
from Pro.UI import *
from Pro.Carbon import *
v = proContext().getCurrentView()
c = v.getCarbon()
d = CarbonSleighDecompiler(c)
s = d.decompileToString(0x004028C9)
print(s) A Carbon instance can be created entirely from Python of course.
Improved single view mode
Single view mode is perhaps a barely known feature in Cerbero, but a rather useful one. If you press “Ctrl+Alt+S” while in a view, it will hide all other views. Pressing the shortcut again restores the previous state.
In Cerbero Suite 4 we have introduced the concept of dependent views and have updated single view mode to include them.
We can see an example of this by looking at a crash dump. When we are in the disassembly we would like to keep dependent views (like the call stack or the decompiler) visible when switching to single view mode.
Normal state:
Single view mode:
Apart from the news listed here, we have added many refinements and fixed many bugs.
We hope you enjoy this new release!
Happy hacking!
Cerbero Suite 3.5 is out!
We’re happy to announce the release of Cerbero Suite 3.5!
This is a single feature release: it includes integration of the Ghidra decompiler (Sleigh) in our Carbon disassembler. No Ghidra or Java installation is necessary!
The decompiler features navigation, comments and renaming of functions, labels and variables.
If you like the idea, we can further expand the functionality and improve the output in next releases!
Happy hacking!
Cerbero Suite 3.4 is out!
We’re happy to announce the release of Cerbero Suite 3.4!
This release comes with tons of improvements:
– added script editor for Python and JavaScript
– added Python editor workspace
– added Python snippet action
– added Mariana theme
– improved deployment on OS X
+ improved Ghidra native UI
– improved filters
– improved hex workspace
– improved JS debugger
– improved Monokai theme
+ updated Ghidra support to 9.1-BETA
– fixed Header Manager crash due to themes
– fixed some bugs
As you can see from the screen-shots in this post, we have introduced the Mariana theme. I think it’s even easier on the eyes, than the Monokai one.
The Ghidra native UI is now compatible with the latest 9.1-BETA and has been further improved!
Deployment on OS X has been greatly improved by removing the external Python dependency. Just as in the Windows and Linux version, the OS X version now embeds Python.
Also interesting for OS X users: a new instance of Cerbero can be spawned from anywhere in the program by pressing Ctrl+Alt+N (or by clicking the relative toolbar button). This works on other platforms as well, but on OS X it’s especially useful.
The main new feature is the introduction of a script editor for Python and JavaScript. You can open as many editor as you like in a single workspace by running the relative action (or in the case of the Python editor by clicking on on the toolbar button).
Script editors are intended to make writing scripts and executing them extremely fast. They provide a simple mechanism to save scripts and open them by just setting the name of the script. The JavaScript editor also offers a debugging shortcut.
To make the writing of scripts even easier, there’s a new action to insert a Python code snippet.
You can choose from a selection of useful snippets.
This is especially useful to avoid looking up the SDK even for simple things and in time the selection of snippets will grow.
We also improved and added new misc filters.
I personally played many CTFs using Cerbero Suite before working on this release and the improvements are directly related to that. I hope that our users will enjoy these improvements as much as we do!
Happy hacking!
Cerbero Suite 3.3 is out!
We’re happy to announce the release of Cerbero Suite 3.3!
While the most anticipated feature may have been theme support, there’s much more:
– added theme support
– added MachO Carbon loader
– added Monokai theme
– improved Ghidra native UI
– improved disassembly view
– made Windows XP compatible
– fixed some bugs
Improved Ghidra native UI
Apart from themes, most of the work went into improving the Ghidra native UI. Specifically we improved navigation, added comments in the decompiler, added support for renaming variables and parameters both in the disassembly and the decompiler, improved cross references, added make code / undefine commands, added status updates, fixed bugs.
Also, if you’d like to run Ghidra and the native UI on two different machines, just open the install.pdf in util/ghidra.zip to learn how. 🙂
Carbon: MachO loader
We also added support for x86/x64 MachO files in Carbon!
XP compatibility
Cerbero can now run on Windows XP.
Everything is working apart from the Python ssl module (we might provide support for it in the future). So if you need a malware triage tool or just a Python3 interpreter on XP, you can use Cerbero. 🙂
Happy hacking!
Theme support
The upcoming 3.3 version of Cerbero features theme support. I decided to add this, because I received multiple requests on Twitter and especially took into consideration the fact that some people have difficulty with bright colors because of their eyesight.
Here’s a preview of my Monokai theme for Cerbero:
More themes will be added in time and you can even create your own or customize existing ones.
Adding theme support in Cerbero took more than a week of work, because of the many custom controls it has and that’s also why I have postponed it for a lot of time. But since I decided to do it, I tried to do it properly.
Cerbero uses Qt as UI library and, as many of you know, Qt can be skinned via CSS stylesheets. However, Cerbero has not only many custom controls, but its own UI SDK which isn’t bound to Qt. So a theme needs to take into consideration those colors as well.
Let’s take a look at a snippet of the Monokai theme:
<entry name="style" value="fusion"/>
<entry name="stylesheet">
*, QTabBar::tab {
background-color: rgb(40, 41, 35);
color: rgb(248, 248, 242);
selection-background-color: rgb(72, 71, 61);
alternate-background-color: rgb(45, 46, 40);
}
/* tab bar */
QTabBar::tab {
padding: 6px;
}
/* ... */
</entry>
<!-- ... -->
<entry name="hexed_bg_color" value="rgb(40, 41, 35)"/>
<entry name="hexed_ro_bg_color" value="rgb(40, 41, 35)"/>
<entry name="hexed_pen_color" value="rgb(103, 216, 239)"/>
<entry name="hexed_sel_color" value="rgb(72, 71, 61)"/>
<entry name="hexed_misc1_color" value="rgb(248, 248, 242)"/>
<entry name="hexed_misc2_color" value="rgb(231, 219, 115)"/>
<!-- ... -->
</theme> The style entry determines the Qt style to use for this theme. If not specified, the default style will be used. The stylesheet entry contains the CSS. The other entries represent custom colors.
Since Carbon comes with its own set of themes, the “themes” directory contains a sub-directory named “carbon” which contains them.
If you want to create your own themes or customize an existing one, you can create a new theme in your user theme directory, which can easily be opened from the settings:
If you don’t want to create an entirely new theme, what you can do is to inherit from an existing one. To do that just create a new theme specifying its inheritance:
<entry name="stylesheet">
QTabBar::tab {
padding: 16px;
}
</entry>
While all specified entries will simply replace existing entries, the stylesheet one is special, because it will be appended to the inherited stylesheet. In this case we created a theme that does nothing else than to increase the padding in tab bar buttons.
In the same way we can customize individual colors. The inheritance of themes works up to a depth of 5, so you can inherit from a theme which already inherits from another theme.
I hope you like it! 🙂
Cerbero Suite 3.2 is out!
This is a rather unusual release and as you can see the change-list is short:
+ added experimental native UI for Ghidra
+ improved disassembly speed
– fixed SSL on Linux
The main addition in version 3.2 is an experimental native UI for Ghidra. Here are a few screen-shots on all supported platforms.
Windows:
Linux:
OS X:
Since this experimental UI has been more of a personal project, I discussed it in more depth on my blog.
As this is a proof of concept, it will be of fundamental importance whether or not you, the user, want this project to mature. Feedback is highly appreciated and will be taken into consideration in order to prioritize this feature and decide how much time to invest into it. Even curses are considered valuable feedback! 🙂
Supporting Ghidra has already had its benefits even considering other features. In fact, in version 3.2 the disassembly view of Carbon has been made faster as a positive side-effect. More of these benefits are about to come as we’re preparing a lot of cool new additions for the upcoming releases. 🙂
Happy hacking!